Analytical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytical summary - Essay Example Previously Indonesia had had Human Rights violations. Now, opinions of the common man represented by the parliament are taken into account, even if they are in opposition of the President’s views. The civil society has progressed into an active one. Individual actors, like scholars and intellectuals too work for democracy and prosperity. Apart from these actors, other major actors were identified who affect the democracy in Indonesia and affect the bilateral relationship between it and Australia; two non–state actors and one parliamentary actor were recognized as affecting the foreign policy of Indonesia for Australia. These policies help in strengthening the relationship between the countries. The author wrote of four perspectives that explain the bilateral relationship: Historical and Geographical Proximity Perspective: The geographical placing of both lands and their history gives strength to the relationship. Throughout history there has been integration of the people of both countries. The closeness of the countries ensures that a working relationship be maintained. One can’t simply fight with one’s neighbours. The repercussions would be felt by both. Political and Strategic Perspective: Indonesia is important for Australia. Any instability or such occurrences in Indonesia can have a ripple effect extending to Australia because of the strategic placing. Moreover, if they develop a relationship like that of Pakistan and India, their military and financial resources would be tied up in defence of an unseen threat of offense. Identity and Fear Perspective: There is a confusion and struggle of self identity which has caused a slowdown in the maturing of the bilateral relationship. Australia is neither Asian nor European so there exists a struggle amongst Australian to identify them. Moreover, fear of the ‘other’ exists in both. The author has presented an account of democracy’s role in Indonesia and the role that the governments

Teachers Day Essay Example for Free

Teachers Day Essay Teachers Day BY Adi001 Teachers Day In some countries, Teachers Days are intended to be special days for the appreciation of teachers. World Teachers Day is celebrated across the world on October 5th[1], with great verve and enthusiasm. Ever since the importance of teachers has been recognized by UNESCO, by adopting the Recommendation concerning the status of teachers, World Teachers Day has been celebrated annually. This includes celebrations to honor the teachers for their special contribution in a particular field area or the community in general. Contents[hide] * History * 2 By country * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 External links I [edit] History The concept of celebrating teachers day originated in India to remember the great educationist Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. He was one of Indias most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, whose dream was that Teachers should be the best minds in the country. 2] [edit] By country Country I Date of Teachers Day I Notes I Afghanistan I May 24 | Schools have a holiday, but students and teachers gather to celebrate at schools with special traditional food, cookies, music and resents to the teachers I Albania I March 7 | In 1887, the first school which taught lessons in Albanian was opened on this day in the small city of Kor#. I Algeria I February 28 | Argentina I September 11 I To honor the work of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento after he died. I Australia I Last Friday in October I On Australias celebration of World Teachers Day, the NEiTA Foundation and the Australian Scholarships Group (ASG) is proud to announce the national teaching recipients of the ASG Community Merit Awards. World Teachers Day was started by UNESCO and is celebrated in more than 100 countries around the world each year. On its 40th anniversary this year, it represents a significant token of the awareness, understanding, and appreciation displayed for the vital contribution that teachers make to education. I Azerbaijan I October 5 | Between 1965 and 1994, the first Sunday of October. Since 1994, on October 5, it has coincided with the World Teachers Day (est. 1994 by UNESCO). I Bahrain I February 28 | Brunei Darussalam I September 23 | To commemorate the birth date of the 28th ruler of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Ill, also known as the Architect of Modern Brunei who amongst others had emphasized on the importance of education to his ubjects by introducing policy of free education whereby the citizens are charged very nominal fees for attending schools. This policy have now been followed by the current 29th ruler who have since extended the policy further. I Bhutan I May 2 | Established and marked on the birth anniversary of the third King of Bhutan, Jigme Dorli Wangchuck, who introduced modern education in the country. I Bolivia I June 6 | Brazil I October 15 | A decree regulating the elementary schools in Brazil. The celebration gained popularity throughout the country, and October 1 5 was officially 0 was chosen to celebrate Teachers Day, because on that day in 1945, the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral received the Nobel Prize. However, in 1977, the date was changed to October 16, to honor the founding of the Colegio de Profesores de Chile (Teachers College of I China (Hong Kong) I September 10 | Before 1997, Teachers Day was on September 28, following the tradition from the Republic of China since the 1950s. After the handover

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts :: Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essays

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings   Maya Angelou's novel is a classic tale of growing up black in the American South in the 1930s and 40s. Even though Marguerite's and her brother Bailey's childhood and early youth are probably far from typical for the average black family of that time, the book nonetheless can be read as a parable of what it meant and still means to be a black person in an overwhelmingly white society. The story is told from a "black" point of view and is thus a more "politically correct" representation of race relationship and prejudice than Harper Lee's equally famous To Kill a Mockingbird. The two children are moved back and forth between their parents and their grandmother "Momma," between St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the rural Southern town of Stamps, Arkansas, where they spend the bulk of their childhood. As the owner of a small shop their grandmother is rather well-off for a rural black woman. The children consequently don't suffer from any economic hardships - not even during the worst depression years. Still, I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is no story about an easy coming-of-age: Maya is permanently puzzled by the adult world. Her grandmother is extremely religious and strict, the children "should be seen but not heard," (p. 34) and she is deeply worried about their relationship to their parents. Worse still, she is raped by her mother's boyfriend while living with her in St. Louis and refuses to talk to anyone but her brother for over a year after the trial. Moreover, she often encounters "white" prejudice, rejection or indifference, when she is working for a white woman or tries to get treatment from a white dentist. The book thus explores a wide range of timeless topics: child abuse, race relations and a lot of important general issues of adolescence such as awakening sexuality, tension between the children and their parents and friendship. Angelou basically tells us the story of her search for her place in the world - in warm and touching prose that makes it possible to identify with her problems, needs and dreams. This personal appeal and the fact that the novel touches a lot of common "black" issues make its ideal for use in the literature classroom - together with To Kill a Mockingbird (even though in a way it directs your reading of I Know. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts :: Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essays I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings   Maya Angelou's novel is a classic tale of growing up black in the American South in the 1930s and 40s. Even though Marguerite's and her brother Bailey's childhood and early youth are probably far from typical for the average black family of that time, the book nonetheless can be read as a parable of what it meant and still means to be a black person in an overwhelmingly white society. The story is told from a "black" point of view and is thus a more "politically correct" representation of race relationship and prejudice than Harper Lee's equally famous To Kill a Mockingbird. The two children are moved back and forth between their parents and their grandmother "Momma," between St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the rural Southern town of Stamps, Arkansas, where they spend the bulk of their childhood. As the owner of a small shop their grandmother is rather well-off for a rural black woman. The children consequently don't suffer from any economic hardships - not even during the worst depression years. Still, I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is no story about an easy coming-of-age: Maya is permanently puzzled by the adult world. Her grandmother is extremely religious and strict, the children "should be seen but not heard," (p. 34) and she is deeply worried about their relationship to their parents. Worse still, she is raped by her mother's boyfriend while living with her in St. Louis and refuses to talk to anyone but her brother for over a year after the trial. Moreover, she often encounters "white" prejudice, rejection or indifference, when she is working for a white woman or tries to get treatment from a white dentist. The book thus explores a wide range of timeless topics: child abuse, race relations and a lot of important general issues of adolescence such as awakening sexuality, tension between the children and their parents and friendship. Angelou basically tells us the story of her search for her place in the world - in warm and touching prose that makes it possible to identify with her problems, needs and dreams. This personal appeal and the fact that the novel touches a lot of common "black" issues make its ideal for use in the literature classroom - together with To Kill a Mockingbird (even though in a way it directs your reading of I Know.

The Company Man Analysis Essay

ANALYSIS 7 Essay: The Company Man The typical business man involved in corporate America works anywhere from six to ten hours per day. Phil, â€Å"the Company Man† worked six days a week sometimes until eight or nine at night, making himself a true workaholic. Using his life story before he died Goodman is able to convey her liking toward Phil but her dislike of what the business world has turned him into. Not only does Goodman use a number of rhetorical devices but she also uses Phil’s past as well as the people who were once in Phil’s life to get her message across to her reader. Ellen Goodman sarcastically creates the obituary of a man who dedicated his life to his job and the company he worked for. Goodman uses anaphora, satire, diction, sentence structure, and selection of detail to complete her obituary of this â€Å"Company Man†. Emphasizing the fact that Phil worked himself to death, Goodman chose pure sarcasm to make this particular emphasis. She shows through this repeated phrases, that he must have chosen work over family quite often, working to provide for his family which resulted in the simple fact that â€Å"he worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00a. m Sunday morning. Goodman’s use of repetition leads to show her satirical writing. â€Å"On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend† shows Goodman’s use of satire in one of the many examples throughout the obituary. Toward the end of the essay, Goodman describes how the company president starts the funeral with a hint of sarcasm, â€Å"discreetly of course, with care and taste† using a tongue and cheek method to provide a subtle shift in tone. The president then begins to question who will replace Phil ending with a paradoxical sentence â€Å"‘Who’s been working the hardest? † getting down to the business of replacing Phil, providing another example of a stereotypical business approach. The vivid diction describes the sarcasm that Goodman has towards Phil. Goodman composes her paragraphs with careful rhythm and beat; she repeats â€Å"finally,† â€Å"precisely† and â€Å"perfect† three times. Phil’s constancy and lack of variation are embodied in rigid words such as â€Å"always,† â€Å"of course,† and â€Å"Type A. † Extreme diction such as â€Å"overweight,† â€Å"nervous,† and â€Å"workaholic† convey Phil as a worrywart with no fun at all in his life. These words mock Phil as a man sincerely obsessed with work that had lost track of his priorities. Goodman deepens her point when she introduces Phil’s family, using diction in relation to business to further emphasize the importance of work to Phil. To Phil’s wife Helen, â€Å"A company friend said ‘I know how much you will miss him. ’ And she answered, ‘I already have. ’† His eldest son tells the reader of how he went around the neighborhood gathering research on his father. His daughter recalls how whenever she was alone with him they had nothing to say to each other. When Phil’s youngest son reminisces on how he tried to mean enough to his father to keep him at home. Goodman informs the reader that the youngest child was Phil’s favorite. Goodman’s sentence structure of long, short, long, helps the shorter sentence stick out more to the reader. But she ends the paragraph with a sad ironic sentence, â€Å"My father and I only board here. † implying that he never really was successful. The descriptions of Phil in â€Å"The Company Man† are sardonically accusatory of the present way people live in society. Goodman makes light of how Phil is a heart attack waiting to happen, his seventy-hour workweeks and egg sandwiches. â€Å"Of course,† used thee times, translates as the acceptance that we have towards intolerable living conditions in order to fulfill the American dream. Like many Americans, Phil is constantly obsessed about his work and whether or not he will ascend to the top position. Through these details she describes the monotonous, repetitive way that society exists today. Throughout the column, images negatively portray the lifestyle that Phil lives. Superficially, all seems well because his family lives a comfortable existence. Emotionally, however, his family has missed his emotional support for years. His wife, Helen, gave up â€Å"trying to compete with his work years ago. † All of his children grew up in a so-called normal family with a father and mother. At his funeral, though, they do not have enough memories about him to say a proper eulogy. Phil himself was â€Å"overweight† and unhealthy, obsessed with work and negligent with his personal life. Goodman condemns the lifestyle that Phil leads by using negative and poignant imagery. Ellen Goodman develops an attitude of pity for Phil, and resentment for the company through rhetorical techniques by portraying that to his wife and to his children, Phil had become so consumed with his position as one of the Important People that he had all but completely removed himself from their emotional reach for the sake of his company life. Goodman’s vision of the corporate world and its influence and affect on our lives is portrayed through her diction and choice of detail in her anecdote of the reflection of the life of the A-Type, workaholic, Phil.

Gender Identity Paper Essay

Since the middle of the 20th century, psychologists, physiologists and medical professionals have been increasingly interested in the ways hormones impacted human behaviors. The dramatic progress which scientists had been able to make was due to extensive knowledge of pharmacology and chemistry, which could be used to study neural events that came as a result of hormonal activity in humans. Hormonal influences on humans were harder to document than those on other species, due to the fact that researchers could not perform laboratory studies with the use of placebo (Hines, Brooks & Conrad, 2004). Thus, the current information with regard to human sexuality and gender identity was mostly obtained from other studies, including the studies of abnormal hormonal activity in patients with genetic disorders. Pfaff, Philips and Rubin (2004) write, that â€Å"hormone / behavior relations always serve either homeostasis or reproduction†. A whole set of hormones works to maintain weight, temperature, and fluid balance in human organism. Hormones impact human responses to stress and pain, but hormonal influences are not limited to common behavioral reactions. Hormones are directly and indirectly linked to gender identification, and although relationships between human sexuality and hormones leave much room for further research, professionals are confident that hormones are the critical factors of gender identification in humans. From the viewpoint of physiology, mammals are usually divided into the two large (male and female) gender categories. The formation of one’s gender begins at chromosomal level. For the majority of mammals, the homogametic sex is female, and if not influenced by male hormones, a phenotypic female with XX chromosomal pattern develops. In the presence of the Y chromosome however, a locally acting protein transforms gonads into testes, which produce numerous peptide hormones, androgens, and determine masculine gender differentiation (Gallagher, Nelson & Weiner, 2003). Testosterone predetermines the development of external genitalia in boys; androgenic receptors and 5-alpha-reductase which are present in all females, may also lead to masculinization of female genitalia. Apart from impacting gender identity, hormones are directly responsible for a whole set of behavioral responses. Hormones work in ways that facilitate processing of sensory information in humans. â€Å"Females have generally greater sensitivity for chemosensory stimuli. [†¦] This sensitivity is further enhanced by increased periovulatory estrogen concentrations† (Gallagher, Nelson & Weiner, 2003). Given that hormonal impulses in men are different from those in women, men lack this kind of responsiveness, which is also suggestive of the positive relationship between hormones and human behavior. Extensive research of genetic disorders and sexual differentiation suggests that the formation of one’s sexual identity is also influenced by factors other than hormones. Social environment and psychological traditions may produce irreversible impacts on one’s gender identification. These influences are particularly visible in humans with physiological pathologies and genetic disorders, which lead to phallic inadequacy or absence. In the study by Reiner and Gearhart (2004), out of sixteen subjects with diagnosed genetic disorders fourteen had been raised as females. Later, under the impact of physiological changes only eight of them changed their roles to males, with the rest spending their lives as females. These findings prove that identity is influenced by the whole complex of hormonal and environmental factors; and researchers are still unable to determine, which of these factors produces the critical impact on gender differentiation in humans. The truth is that neither behavioral, nor psychological or hormonal factors can be held responsible for sexual differentiation in humans. In reality, â€Å"human differentiation is the result of a series of genetic and hormonal events that influence the development of the internal and external genitalia† (Sytsma, 2006). Whether gender identity is impacted by hormonal or environmental factors is not always clear, but it is clear that there is a whole continuum of gender experiences between female and male genders; and how humans identify themselves in this gender continuum will depend on the whole set of genetic and hormonal influences, as well as the external environment in which humans are raised. Conclusion For years and decades researchers believed that hormones were the critical factors determining gender identity in humans. With the extensive knowledge of genetic and sexual disorders, researchers have gradually come to realize the role, which environmental and psychological factors played in one’s sex differentiation. Neither hormones nor biological or psychological factors can be held responsible for the development of gender identity in humans; rather, a whole complex of genetic and hormonal influences will determine the paths of gender formation and differentiation in all human subjects. References Gallagher, M. , Nelson, R. J. & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Biological psychology. John Wiley and Sons. Hines, M. , Brook, C. & Conway, G. S. (2004). Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation, and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Journal of Sex Research, 41(1): 75-81. Pfaff, D. W. , Phillips, M. I. & Rubin, R. T. (2004). Principles of hormone behavior relations. Academic Press. Reiner, W. G. & Gearhart, J. P. (2004). Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth. The New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (4): 333-341. Sytsma, S. E. (2006). Ethics and intersex. Springer.

Dromiceiomimus - Facts and Figures

Dromiceiomimus - Facts and Figures Name: Dromiceiomimus (Greek for emu mimic); pronounced DROE-mih-SAY-oh-MIME-us Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (80-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and 200 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Relatively large eyes and brain; long legs; bipedal posture About Dromiceiomimus A close relative of the North American ornithomimids (bird mimic dinosaurs) Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus, the late Cretaceous Dromiceiomimus may have been the fastest of the bunch, at least according to one analysis of this theropods unusually long legs. At full tilt, Dromiceiomimus may have been capable of hitting speeds of 45 or 50 miles per hour, though it probably stepped on the gas pedal only when it was being pursued by predators or itself in pursuit of small, skittering prey. Dromiceiomimus was also notable for its relatively large eyes (and correspondingly big brain), which matched up oddly with this dinosaurs weak, toothless jaws. As with most ornithomimids, paleontologists speculate that Dromiceiomimus was omnivorous, feeding mostly on insects and vegetation but pouncing on the occasional small lizard or mammal when the opportunity presented itself. Now for the catch: many, if not most, paleontologists believe that Dromiceiomimus was actually a species of Ornithomimus, and not deserving of genus status. When this dinosaur was discovered, in Canadas Alberta province in the early 1920s, it was initially classified as a species of Struthiomimus, until Dale Russell reexamined the remains in the early 1970s and erected the genus Dromiceiomimus (emu mimic). A few years later, though, Russell changed his mind and synonymized Dromiceiomimus with Ornithomimus, arguing that the main feature distinguishing these two genera (the length of their legs) wasnt truly diagnostic. Long story short: while Dromiceiomimus persists in the dinosaur bestiary, this difficult-to-spell dinosaur may soon go the way of Brontosaurus!

Free Essays on Prison Punishment

Prison Punishment This article really brought to my attention things I had never before imagined that happened in America’s prisons. I liked this article more than any other article we have read this year. I found it very interesting and it held my attention easily. To me, learning in-depth about a discreet and not so well-known topic in history was fascinating. I also feel that this article really dug up some dirt on certain situations makes known the truth about our American prisons in the seventies. I find what I read to be quite appalling. I knew there had been prison riots before, but I had not know how many, the reasons for them, and their magnitudes. Zinn did a good job of relating all the different riots together with common denominators. What first grabbed my attention were the statistics. I could not believe how lopsided they were. In almost all cases, more than half of the prisoners were black. At Attica, 54% of inmates were black, while 100% of the guards were white. This racial separation contributed to some of the uprisings, but society’s problems contributed mostly. With the youth rebellions, the black movement, and the Vietnam War came prison rebellions, caused by the outside world leaking into prisons. The guards were in no way helping the situation. In fact, they were making it worse by the brutality they used on prisoners. George Jackson became a martyr for prisoners everywhere and he got the ball rolling for everyone else as they tried to fini sh what he started. Most of the prisoners were not even supposed to be in prison for as long as they were. Fro example, Martin Sostre, a 52 year-old black man, was sentenced to 25-30 years in prison for allegedly selling $15 worth of heroin to someone who later recanted his original testimony. Sostre was not freed though. Once one prison rioted, all of the others followed within months and days of the previous. The most infamous riot at Attica r... Free Essays on Prison Punishment Free Essays on Prison Punishment Prison Punishment This article really brought to my attention things I had never before imagined that happened in America’s prisons. I liked this article more than any other article we have read this year. I found it very interesting and it held my attention easily. To me, learning in-depth about a discreet and not so well-known topic in history was fascinating. I also feel that this article really dug up some dirt on certain situations makes known the truth about our American prisons in the seventies. I find what I read to be quite appalling. I knew there had been prison riots before, but I had not know how many, the reasons for them, and their magnitudes. Zinn did a good job of relating all the different riots together with common denominators. What first grabbed my attention were the statistics. I could not believe how lopsided they were. In almost all cases, more than half of the prisoners were black. At Attica, 54% of inmates were black, while 100% of the guards were white. This racial separation contributed to some of the uprisings, but society’s problems contributed mostly. With the youth rebellions, the black movement, and the Vietnam War came prison rebellions, caused by the outside world leaking into prisons. The guards were in no way helping the situation. In fact, they were making it worse by the brutality they used on prisoners. George Jackson became a martyr for prisoners everywhere and he got the ball rolling for everyone else as they tried to fini sh what he started. Most of the prisoners were not even supposed to be in prison for as long as they were. Fro example, Martin Sostre, a 52 year-old black man, was sentenced to 25-30 years in prison for allegedly selling $15 worth of heroin to someone who later recanted his original testimony. Sostre was not freed though. Once one prison rioted, all of the others followed within months and days of the previous. The most infamous riot at Attica r...

Bullets in Victims Head Hate Crime or Parking Space

Bullets in Victims Head Hate Crime or Parking Space A Look into the Rational Choice Theory of Criminality Killing someone over a parking space is as absurd as receiving a death penalty for a stealing a bag of peanuts. Similarly, something is terribly wrong when experienced police officers with criminology background, succumbed to its potential as a motive for killing not one but three college students. This is because it is quite evident that the two victims were helpless female. The suspect, a college student who lived next door, describing himself as â€Å"Anti-theist†, deliberately shot them all in the head. These are clear evidence of motive but surprisingly ignored. It is irrational because the motive is contradictory to the fact that the duty to kill or not to kill is grounded on human morality, a norm of righteousness on which the evil of taking someone’s life is deeply ingrained. In other words, people by nature avoid wicked acts and unlikely to see any duty to end someone’s life for worthless things like a car parking space. Academic literature of human behavior suggests that there is an inherent, immeasurable and undiminished moral value attached to human life. In other words, human lives are priceless, equal in value and deserving of respect. Everyone, therefore, should honor the sanctity of human life regardless of race, religion, economic condition, and so on. This simple powerful moral truth about the value of life that most of  us accept and embed in our conscience is actually moral reason preventing us from hurting or killing anyone. It should be All Lives Matter rather than #MuslimLivesMatter. Also, you may read: Criminalize Cigarette Smoking   The Killing of Three Muslim-American College Students College Students   Most Criminals Plan and Make Rational Choices Considering the punishment and life implications of killing someone, it is very likely that a person who deliberately killed someone has an excellent and adequate reason. There is an indefinite variety of reason for people to kill other people but not all of them are justifiable. For example, a man who murdered his friend and later tells the court â€Å"My reason for killing him was that he broke my DVD player† is senseless and definitely not acceptable. If his reason was â€Å"He said to that my mother was a whore†, then perhaps for many, such reason is sufficient to kill someone. The problem, however, is that we are not living in a world in which aggression is an acceptable response to negative emotive language. In criminology, a rational person planning to commit a petty crime such as shoplifting, initially weigh the cost (arrest, imprisonment, shame, loss of job, etc.) and benefit (money, property, thrill, respect of peers, etc.) of the crime. Now, if the benefit is greater than the cost then a crime will be committed. Murder or killing someone is a different story, as violence does not necessary involves outrage, mental illness, or economic desperation. Murder for instance often involves planning, preparation, and making a rational choice. In real life, criminals are rational killers and far from those who randomly victimizing innocent people in movies. They normally carry and use their guns for more rational reasons such as self-protection, dangerous illegal activities, and so on. In fact, even in senseless killings, criminals have conscious motives such as revenge and they pick their targets with care. Although some killings are the result of anger and aggression, most offenders plan and make rational choices such as getting rid of witnesses, to avoid retaliation, and others. Clearly, killing three students by putting a bullet in their heads, women with Islamic headscarves, and executed by an Anti-theist, is beyond parking space dispute but rational motives.

Paraphrasing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paraphrasing Assignment - Essay Example Absolutely, the natural course of things with behavior on both does not permit any further exertion that may not be anticipated to relate to the basic single knowledge intended to keep them in the original, constant association. The unchanging character proceeds to establish in definite position both the prayerful lady in black and the inseparable lovers who have been so disposed to godly matters and eternal bond respectively. Unlike them, Edna has not yet realized any depth of significant intimacy with God and with her personal desire that potentially detaches her from current restrictions to dissolve into natural freedom (Church & Havener, 2008, p.225). Summary: As the lovers and the lady in black offer a view of distinct characters well-defined by their favorable nature, Edna appears to be too huge a difference with here situation (Church & Havener, 2008, p.225). Second Paragraph: The linguistic strategy of economy of stereotype is prominent in Kate Chopin's The Awakening. Edna ha s a "quadroon nurse" (7) who is looked upon as a "huge encumbrance" (7) by Edna's children because it is the nurse who performs the duties of making sure the children look presentable.

Math and what it is focused on Personal Statement

Math and what it is focused on - Personal Statement Example I explained to them that by cutting a dot on the mobius band I could return to this point by continuing to go forward in one direction. I gave the pupils addition items like two plus three and five minus one after I demonstrate to them how to add and deduct numbers. I taught them how to add and deduct it is the basic requirement the pupils must conquer. Since I taught them how use the adding and deducting of basic numbers in mathematics, I know that when be promoted the next levels of grade school., the will apply what I have been painstakingly teaching them every hour of every day. In fact, some day in the future, when they will become young men and women, some will become engineers and others will become accountants. Other pupils of mine will become teachers like me so that they will inculcate in their children pupils the latest trends of math computations that are an offshoot or improvement over my teaching methods. I gave the pupils ten numbers on adding numbers that range from one to twenty for two days. I then gave the pupils ten numbers on deducting numbers that range from one to twenty. This is because I want them to master addition. Mathematics is best learned by DOING. Repetition of the same function like adding and deducting makes one an expert for as the saying goes, experience is the best teacher. Mastery of adding and deducting not only includes getting a correct answer but also having a correct answer in as less time as possible. At first, I could feel their resistance to even look at math problems but I still pursued my objective to let them know the rudiments of math computations for I know that they will thank me in the end when they are young men and women. In fact, I know that some of them will be computer experts where proficiency in math is a requirement.I taught them to master or specialize adding and deducting numbers from one to twenty because this is the basic requirement for them to hurdle before then can work on higher and more complex numbers. I have to teach them to specialize in adding and deducting so that they can apply what they learned to real life situations. They will know how to add and deduct numbers such as how much to pay for a chocolate bar or a softdrink or even how much the pupil will ask as increase in allowance because food items in the school canteen have increased. Many of our present day businessmen, engineers and even plain housewives need the rudiments and the simple complexities of the math in order not only to solve daily math problems but also to entertain themselves by pondering over the intricacies of solving math questions. Their math understanding will be needed as they compute for higher math problems like geometry and like what is explained when they use the geoboard. The pupils will learn how to identify the different shapes of figures like the rectangle, square, triangle, octagon, pentagon and others. UNIT 3I have taught that students based how to add and deduct math numbers based on the mental capacity of the pupil. There are students who love math so that they spend a lot of time solving math problems. These students learn math

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Reflection paper - Assignment Example on which is using an existing schema to deal with new circumstances, accommodation which happens when current knowledge does not work and has to be adjusted and equilibration which occur when child schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. An example of adaptation in my scenario is when my two-year-old niece saw my tablet for the first time and referred to it as a computer. In this occurrence, I explained to her that it’s not a computer though it looks like one therefore she was able to adjust with the new information (Wadsworth, 2004). Assimilation and accommodation require an active learner, not a passive one, as a teacher one should concentrate on a child thinking rather than result because it encourages problem-solving skills rather than trained. Paget’s theory also reinforce teachings should be accomplished by encouraging discovery for themselves rather than direct training. A teacher can also use this information and, use energetic methods that necessitate reconstructing of truths, encourage shared as well as individual activities. He or she can create disequilibrium in order to accommodate new information, arrange situations that present real-life problems and evaluate the level of child development so that you can go at his or her pace. More mature activities should be discouraged as it will confuse the children. On the first stage sensory –motor occurs between birth and two years. Children begin to understand the information they are receiving through their senses in particular, when reflex m ovement become more developed. Understanding of the world around them involves only the perceptions and things which the baby has already experienced for instance sucking on a nipple when hungry or reaching for an already familiar toy. Children from mental pictures of objects around them and what can be done with the object itself (Piaget, 1936). When they are around eight months they begin to look for objects hidden, for instance, a

Music Appreciation Critique #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music Appreciation Critique #2 - Essay Example The nineteenth century focused more on update in the new century where they wanted music to be changed while focusing on the modern styles and forgetting the old styles of music. This is the point where classical music was considered to be an all time favorite in music history. One particular effective strategy, for example, was continually conjuring up fears about new forms of popular music, above all the amorphous category of jazz. In one critique of popular music, jazz music was highly appreciated (Alexander, 2009). Amadeus Mozart is one of the greatest classical musicians who ever lived. His music happens to be among the finest forms of music to date. Classical music is one of the best types of music that nature has ever had and people have decided to appreciate it in all the possible acts. One of the aims of classical music is to promote the culture of a certain people who live within their surroundings. According to Webster, classical music can be categorized according to the impacts that it makes on the lives of their listeners. Transformation n the world of music can be defined as a process, act or instance of which a genre of music is being played (Goulding, 1995). This was a Latin word that was used in music which refers to the diatonic semitone of the Pythagorean scale. It was also a term that was used in the acapella type of music by Mozart in the 19th century. Instruction in music appreciation went on to build definitions of popular and classical music upon contemporary constructions of race, class and gender, both reflecting and enhancing common stereotypes and prejudices (Dearling) In treating race, class, gender as interrelated, the study on music critiques further expands upon early studies of cultural hierarchy that focused on socioeconomic class and builds upon the work the work of many musicologists that have explored the social construction of music through race and gender. This is a type of musical poem that is

Wireless telecommunication + matlab program Assignment

Wireless telecommunication + matlab program - Assignment Example Then Angle modulation is discussed with its two types i.e. frequency modulation and phase Modulation. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. Generation of modulated signals is also discussed briefly along with useful equations and figures. In the end an appendix is presented in which MATLAB program is presented for Amplitude Modulation with the snapshot of the resulting graphs of signals. A similar program for Frequency Modulation is presented with resulting graphs of signals. In today’s communication, wireless communication has become the main area for researchers and has become an industry and also the governments of different countries are interested in it as wireless sensors have an enormous range of both commercial and military applications. Commercial applications include monitoring of fire hazards, stress and strain in building, carbon dioxide movement and gases at a disaster side. Military application includes identification and tracking of enemies target, direction of chemical and biological attacks, support of unmanned robotic vehicles, and counter-terrorism. There are many factors of growing of this field. One of which is the tremendous increase in demand for tether less connectivity, driven so far mainly by cellular telephony but is expected to be soon eclipsed by wireless data applications. Wireless communication has also captured the attention of media and imagination of the public. Not only this, the Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over last decade and there are currently about two billion subscribers around the world and cellular phones have become critical business tool and part of everyday life and are rapidly replacing the wired systems in many developing countries. In addition, wireless local area networks are currently replacing the wired networks in many homes, businesses and campuses. This is because by using wireless things it is easy to move and to get

Fine Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fine Art - Essay Example This paper explores the connection that exists between art and other disciplines/subjects (Marshall, Donahue, Ayers, & Hetland, 2014).   Since art is a multidimensional subject in the sense that it encompasses literature, visual arts, and performing arts, it interacts with other unrelated fields at different levels. For example, art has a relationship with history through fictional and creative essays and novels that give readers insight into historical events and phenomena. Students who learn historical facts through art will develop unique perspectives about the world. Although Science exists to explain the law of nature, arts fine-tunes the understanding of various persons so that they can analyses different situations and the reasons for the existence of such circumstances. It is also worth noting that mathematics and arts have some connection because both require logical reasoning and analysis of situations and problems (Cukierkorn, 2008).   Learning art through visual arts, dance, and music develops a student’s brain so that the student can handle equally or more challenging disciplines like mathematics and physics that require some mental capacity. Whether they do knowingly or inadvertently, individuals/students employ artistic skills in his/her daily life. As a major discipline, art is an all-inclusive subject that covers a broad range of subjects such as social sciences, history & political science, life sciences, and engineering. Art is related to engineering because most of the engineering concepts employ creative skills. Besides, engineering is mainly a design subject, and art plays a primary role in any design aspect (Marshall, Donahue, Ayers, & Hetland, 2014).   Most schools, particularly in the United States, have adopted disciplined-based art education (DBAE) in order to produce students who are wholesome in their curricular. Since most disciplines like mathematics and science focus on specific dimensions, they do not provide students with

Wireless telecommunication + matlab program Assignment

Wireless telecommunication + matlab program - Assignment Example Then Angle modulation is discussed with its two types i.e. frequency modulation and phase Modulation. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. Generation of modulated signals is also discussed briefly along with useful equations and figures. In the end an appendix is presented in which MATLAB program is presented for Amplitude Modulation with the snapshot of the resulting graphs of signals. A similar program for Frequency Modulation is presented with resulting graphs of signals. In today’s communication, wireless communication has become the main area for researchers and has become an industry and also the governments of different countries are interested in it as wireless sensors have an enormous range of both commercial and military applications. Commercial applications include monitoring of fire hazards, stress and strain in building, carbon dioxide movement and gases at a disaster side. Military application includes identification and tracking of enemies target, direction of chemical and biological attacks, support of unmanned robotic vehicles, and counter-terrorism. There are many factors of growing of this field. One of which is the tremendous increase in demand for tether less connectivity, driven so far mainly by cellular telephony but is expected to be soon eclipsed by wireless data applications. Wireless communication has also captured the attention of media and imagination of the public. Not only this, the Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over last decade and there are currently about two billion subscribers around the world and cellular phones have become critical business tool and part of everyday life and are rapidly replacing the wired systems in many developing countries. In addition, wireless local area networks are currently replacing the wired networks in many homes, businesses and campuses. This is because by using wireless things it is easy to move and to get

Healthcare Organization Process Improvement Report Term Paper

Healthcare Organization Process Improvement Report - Term Paper Example Ontario Telemedicine Network is recognized as one of the major and largest telemedicine networks worldwide. Access to Medicare for hundreds of other health care locations and patients in the hospitals takes place through videoconferencing. Delivery of health care services, meetings, and education is greatly facilitated through the Ontario network for both professionals and patients (Tesson, 2009). The major aim of establishing a scorecard for this organization is to help it improve in the delivery of its services by realizing the weaknesses that exists within its structures and strategic plan. As a telemedicine organization, it is also necessary to examine its cost benefit effectiveness among other unnecessary interaction between patients and physicians; otherwise, such interactions that may be considered ineffective to be reduced. The internal process and systems is of great essence for establishing the weaknesses in the system that would require improvement. Process improvement in any health care organization is aimed at ensuring the efficiency of services offered. The telemedicine structure and system could be lagging behind in certain aspects of performances (Tesson, 2009). The use of a balanced scorecard targets a complete streamlining of the system in order to improve performance towards efficiency. Ontario Telemedicine Network has its services spread across the province, with almost 600 members. These include public hospitals, physician offices; Family Health Teams, medical and nursing schools, nursing stations, Community Care access Centers, professional organizations, LHIN offices, First Nations Communities, Public Health, clinics, educational facilities, and Long-term care homes. The top leadership of Ontario Telemedicine includes the Chief Executive officer, who is also a member of many boards of health care organizations

Popularity of Soccer Essay Example for Free

Popularity of Soccer Essay When the United States national soccer team defeated the Spanish national team in the semifinals of the 2009 Confederations Cup, many sportswriters and fans called the U. S team’s win one of the biggest upsets in modern soccer. Although the United States is known for having dominant sports teams, many refuse to admit that the United States has a good soccer team, let alone believe that Americans know about the sport soccer. In all fairness, even people in the United States do not believe that Americans know a lot about the sport and think it is a unpopular sport in the U. Â  S. Long has been the misconception that soccer is not popular in the United States and that many Americans do not even know the rules of the game. In an episode of Family Guy, Chris Griffin is playing in a soccer game. The bleachers are almost empty with the exception of a handful amount of people. When a ball is kicked towards Chris, he catches the ball. The referee, dressed like an American football official, awards Chris’s opponents a penalty kick with a tone and style of his speech as that of a football official. A parent of Chris’s teammate yells out in anger because Chris’s mistake awards the other team an immense advantage. This scene exemplifies the common misconception about soccer in the United States. The small number of audience in the crowd suggests that soccer is not a popular sport in America. Chris’s lack of knowledge of the sport and the inaccurate uniform of the referee imply that many Americans do not know the rules of soccer and are not familiar with the sport because not many Americans play the sport. Furthermore, Chris lacks enthusiasm in his game; this lack of enthusiasm illustrates the hypervisiblity of the popularity of soccer in the United States. Soccer was virtually unknown to Americans until 1967 when the first professional soccer league was set up in the United States. The league was named the North American Soccer League (NASL). The league attracted some of the most famous soccer players in the world such as the Brazilian Pele, arguably the best soccer player of all time, and the German Franz Beckenbauer, regarded as the best German player of all time. Although the league attracted some of the greatest players, soccer overall remained a less popular sports like baseball and football in the United States. Perhaps Americans’ reluctance to follow the rules set by the British is the reason for soccer’s initially low popularity. Baseball and football, undoubtedly the two most popular sports in the United States, has its roots in the United Kingdom. An early form of baseball has been played in England in the mid-eighteenth century(The history of baseball). American football was originated from rugby football, which originated in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century(American football history). However, the rules of baseball and American football have been adapted by Americans from their origins to become American sports. Perhaps because Americans put in place their own laws of these sports, baseball and football had been successfully integrated into the American culture and had been immensely popular since their beginnings. Soccer on the other hand, was nowhere near as popular as baseball and football when first introduced in the United States. Soccer’s laws were set forth by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) which consists of the four United Kingdom countries’ associations- England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland(The International FA Board). The fact that the rules of soccer were not created by Americans and the fact that the sport’s rules were created by the United States’s competitive rivals may contribute to soccer’s originally low popularity. Whatever the reason, soccer was clearly not a popular sport in the United States even though it was by far the most popular sport in the world. Certainly, the North American Soccer League (NASL) was not a widely watched league when it was established in 1967. Its low popularity did not improve as the NASL eventually failed in 1984. Although the much improved Major League Soccer (MLS) was founded in 1996(About MLS) to replace the NASL, the MLS was and is still not a very successful league in terms of salary. The average salary of a player in the MLS in 2010 is $138,169 compared to MLB’s $3,297,828 (2010) (MLB Salaries), and NFL’s $990,000 (2009) (NFL Player Salaries). In fact, the MLB’s and the NFL’s minimum salaries are far greater than the average MLS salary. MLB’s minimum salary in 2009 was $400,000(MLBPA Info), while NFL’s minimum salary in 2009 was $310,000. Based solely on salaries of professional athletes in the United States, one can get an idea of the low popularity of soccer compared to sports like baseball and football in the U. S. These stats may seem to support the hypervisibility of soccer’s popularity in the United States, but in reality they do not reflect the growing adoration and acknowledgement of the sport. Soccer’s popularity in America has been growing since the inauguration of the NASL and the MLS. The MLS may seem unpopular based on the salaries of the players in the league, but spectator attendance suggests otherwise. The MLS averages 18,452 people per game, higher than National Basketball League’s 17,110, and NHL’s 17,004. In fact, the MLS’s average attendance is even higher than the Scottish Premier League’s average attendance(Avoiding the Drop). The amount of soccer players in America further emphasizes the tremendous popularity of the sport. In the U. S. , there are a total of 24,472,778 players. This number is far larger than some of the powerhouses in world soccer such as England which has 4,164,110 players, Brazil which has 13,197,733 players, and Spain which has 2,834,190 players(FIFA. com). Lastly, the 2010 World Cup had an average of 24. 3 million viewers in the United States. The World Series and the NBA Finals, on the other hand, only averaged 19. 4 viewers and 18 million viewers respectively(deseretnews. com). The United States was not even in the final of the World Cup and still managed to attract more viewers than the World Series and the NBA finals. Had the U. S. National Team been in the final, the number of viewers of the World Cup final could have been significantly larger. The high number of attendance at MLS games, soccer players in the United States, and viewers of the World Cup final testifies against the hypervisibility that asserts that soccer is an unpopular sport in the United States. However, facts surrounding the attention of soccer in the United States firmly affirms that soccer has now established itself as one of the most popular sports in America.

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis Job analysis helps in analyzing the resources and establishing the strategies to accomplish the business goals and strategic objectives. Effectively developed, employee job descriptions are communication tools that are significant in an organizations success. The main objective of conducting job analysis is to know whether the job description and job specification which was mentioned to hire right quality of work force by the company is appropriate or not. Secondly, to know whether any training is given to the employees after their recruitment to a particular specified job as if there is any confusion about what the job is and what is supposed to be done, proper training efforts cannot be initiated without knowing the specific requirements of the job are identified. Thirdly, to study the skill levels of the employees, work environment, responsibilities and required level of education as job analysis identifies the performance criteria so that it promote worker for a better performance. Finally, to study the pharmaceutical industry and its environment as the industry deals with the production it can reveal if any unsafe conditions associated with the job. Literature Review: Job Analysis is a term used by the human resource managers for the process of collecting information related to job contents compared tasks performed on the job with knowledge, skills and abilities of the jobholders (Schuman, et al, 1994). Job Analysis is a process where judgements are made about data collected on a job. Job Analysis data may be collected from the incumbents through interviews or questionnaires; the main concept of the analysis is description or specifications of the job, not a description of the person. An important concept of Job Analysis is that the analysis is conducted of the Job, not the person. Job analysis is a pattern of tasks, duties and responsibilities that can be done by a person. Job analysis seeks to study about the activity to determine the tasks, duties and responsibilities needed for each job. It is a process of gathering, analyzing and synthesizing information about jobs. According to Werther and Davis (1996) Job analysis is the process of defining the work, activities, tasks, products services or processes performed by the employees of an organisation. Henderson (1982) explained that a job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities in a job. On the other hand, Decenzo and Robbins (1988) depicted that job analysis indicates what activities and accountabilities the job entails. It says that it is just an accurate recording of the activities involved in the job. According to Robert. B (2008) the organisation should invest time to analyse the value, mission and goals before undertaking the organizational analysis as from the organizational analysis will flow the job analysis, job descriptions and hiring protocols. Job analysis can be used for developing a variety of human performance management team. Sometimes when job analysis is inadequately conducted, it results in incomplete or inaccurate information. Cascio (1978) says that one must gather information regarding the specific job attributes and he defined the attributes into 8 segments and these are called job analysis information hierarchy. The segments are element, task, duty, position, job, job family, occupation and career. Finally, job analysis provides critically important information that will guide management in decision-making. The main purpose of the job analysis is to identify the experience, education, training and other qualifying factors, possessed by candidates for specific jobs. There are two key elements of a job analysis they are identification of major job requirements and the identification of knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform the accomplished task or job. Decenzo and Robbins (1996) have developed some basic principles concerning jobs and the process of analyzing them. The principles are: 1. All jobs can be analyzed and recorded 2. Job analysis can enhance communication among the employees in the organisation. 3. The process of job analysis can easily make changes. 4. If the job analysis process is clear then employees and employers can understand and contribute their part for the process. 5. Job analysis based on observable behaviour and work products contributes to efficient HRM. 6. Clearly everything regarding the job (job description) should be written and explained well to the employees. The job analyst gathers the data about each job but not about every person in the organisation and pass this required information to the HR specialists, who actually recruits the employees. According to Nancy (1988) recorded job information plays a crucial role because it influences most HR activities. Before collecting the information about specific jobs, employees should be informed about why the job analysis is being done. In this dissertation, the result of job analysis will be used in job evaluation and decision-making of job description. The purpose of job analysis is to elicit information pertaining to various types of jobs. The job analyst is naturally perceived by others with suspicion since his/her investigations are going to be used as the basis for job evaluation. People should be elucidated as to the purpose of the exercise, the reasons why it is necessary, what it is hoped will be achieved, ways in which information obtained will be collected and processed, and how deci sions affecting their jobs will be arrived at. Shifting the important from the trivial aspects of a job during and after analysis is really what the whole exercise is about. A common danger is to collect too much information, making it difficult to see the wood for the trees. On the whole, this is a more common pitfall than making just a cursory examination and ending up with a sketchy, incomplete picture. In making the analysis, if a fact is unimportant, it should immediately be discarded. To provide a framework on which to structure both the analysis and the information obtained, it is useful to look at the job from two points of view: first, the duties and responsibilities entailed; second, the skills and personal attributes necessary for the successful execution of that job (Myers, 1986). What an individual does and what personal attributes he needs to bring to the job provide us with the dimensions critical for making evaluative decisions between the relative worth of one job and another. The process of job analysis is much more difficult than might appear at first sight. The conventional techniques listed all have limitations (Prasad, 1997). For managerial jobs, the matter can become very complicated, and it may well be necessary to construct the analysis in terms of the criteria by which the job is to be evaluated, for example, problem-solving, accountability, and know-how. Job analysis can be misleading; therefore, the totality of a job is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Schweiger (1983) explained that recent interest in studying managerial cognitive style has led to the development and use of a variety of instruments. For the purpose of job evaluation, the evidence from job analysis should be treated with caution. Stewart (1982) worked on a model having for understanding managerial jobs and behaviour was conceived in one study and developed and applied in 3 others. Some forms of flexibility are common to many managerial jobs. The need is to move from Mintbergs (1973) roles and propositions about managerial work to an analysis that takes into account the variations in behaviour and the differences in jobs before attempting to generalize the managerial work. Kay .G (2005) says that the job evaluation acts as a tool to provide the means of assessing jobs to make an equal value decision. A major purpose for job analysis is to obtain information for a job evaluation project that may be organisation-wide or simply consist of an individual employees request for his or her job to be re-evaluated. Cascio (1995) states that there are different number of methods to study jobs. Some combination of methods must be used to obtain a total picture of the task and physical, mental, social and the environmental demand of a job. Job analysis is the process of looking at exactly what a job requires in order to determine the necessary job qualifications. Through the job analysis a jobs skills, knowledge and ability (KSA) can be defined in operational terms. This is essential if the job analysis data are to have any utility for example, it may be used for the performance assessment. Once the jobs have been sorted using the KSA level their scores are entered in to the system to get the ranking for the jobs. The jobs with less KSAs tend to be lower in the organisation than the jobs with greater KSAs; this is relevant in determining the key job elements required for the job in the organisation. Job Characteristics Model If the type of work a person does is so important, the specific job characteristics that affect productivity, motivation and satisfaction can be identified. Hackman and Oldham (1975) has developed a model to identify 5 such job characteristics and their interrelationship and they called it job characteristics model. The early research with this model indicates that it can be useful in redesigning the jobs of individuals. The 5 core characteristics of the model are: Skill Variety: The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so one can use a number of different skills and talents. Task Identity: The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. Task Significance: The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people. Autonomy: The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom, independence and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out. Feedback: The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance. In this model first three dimensions combine to create meaningful work. That is, if these 3 characteristics exist in a job, we can predict the incumbent will view their job as being important, valuable, and worthwhile. The jobs that possess autonomy give the employee a feeling of personal responsibility for the results and if it provides feedback the employee will know how effectively they are performing. From a motivational standpoint, the model says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about. Dodd and Ganster (1996) objectively manipulated job dimensions of autonomy, variety and feed back to evaluate their effect on perceptions of job characteristics and on job outcomes. In a high variety task, increased autonomy led to increased satisfaction, while in a low variety task, increased autonomy had a negligible effect on satisfaction. Saks and Waldman (1998) examined the relationship between age and job performance evaluations for newcomers recently hired into entry-level positions. They found a negative relationship between age and job performance evaluations. This relationship was eliminated after controlling for undergraduate grade average and prior work experience, operationalized as the number of jobs that a newcomer had previously held. Glick, Jenkins and Gupta (1986) compared the relative strengths of the effects of method versus substance on relationships between job characteristics and attitudinal outcomes. They compared the reports from both job incumbents and non-incumbents on job characteristics and job attitude. Substantive relationships were observed between job characteristics and effort, supporting the job characteristics model. Common method effects, however, inflated relationships between job characteristics and affective outcome, thereby supporting the social information-processing model. Gist (1987) described that self-efficacy (ones belief in ones capability to perform a task) affects task effort, persistence, expressed interest and the level of goal difficulty selected for the performance. Despite this, little attention has been given to its organizational implications. He reviewed the self-efficacy concept and then explores its theoretical and practical implications for organizational behaviour and human resource management. Taber and Peters (1991) analyzed employee perception of the completeness of a self-report, point factor job evaluation system. Complementary qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify characteristics of jobs, characteristics of employees and characteristics of the job evaluation procedure that affected employee perceptions of the system. Analyses indicated that the job evaluation instrument might describe some classes of jobs more completely than others. Spector, Jex and Chen (1995) examined the possibility that intervals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. They examined specially correlations between two personality traits, optimism and anxiety and measures of job characteristics obtained through job analysis. The results have showed that those who were high in traits anxiety tended to be in job characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feed-back, significance and complexity. On the other hand those reporting high levels of optimism tended to be in jobs characterized by high levels of each of these job characteristics. Taber and Alliger (1995) described that research on job satisfaction traditionally has gathered data at the level of the overall job. As a job consists of many tasks some of which may be enjoyable, complex, and important and some not. Global and facet measures of job satisfaction were found to be consistent with, but only partially predictable from, individual task properties. Task analysis is a cumbersome process; nevertheless, by complementing traditional, global measurement procedure, task level assessment may facilitate new research into the nature of job satisfaction. Somers and Bimbaum (1998) tested the proposition that relationships among the various types of work activities are related both to the form of commitment and the facet of performance under consideration affect commitment and job performance. They suggested that job involvement was related only to performance tied to intrinsically rewarding elements of work, and career commitment was positively related to overall performance activities. These forces effect the individual organisation in different ways and can bring change in organisations. Evaluation plans used to translate job duties into relative job worth may take different forms (James, 1991). Essentially, however, the principal measuring techniques for determining relative job worth differ from one another in three ways. First, what is measured the whole job or identifiable elements of the job. Second, whether or not point values are assigned to establish quantitative measures of job value. Third, how jobs are measured against other jobs, or against a pre-described yard-stick. Application of these techniques can result in four basically different types of job evaluation plans. These are, and have been for many years, the ranking system, the classification system, point evaluation plans, and factor comparison plans. Combinations of these systems can also be used. The Ranking System The most widely used method of job evaluation is the ranking system. Under this plan, a job is ranked against other jobs, without assigning point values. Evaluators simply compare two jobs and judge which is more difficult. Once this determination has been made, a third job is compared with the first two and similar decision made. The process is repeated until all jobs have been ranked, from the most difficult to the least difficult. The greatest advantage of the ranking system is its simplicity. The evaluation process is quick and inexpensive. Also, the ranking system uses a job against-job comparison, which is the most accurate method of evaluation, because it is far easier to judge which of two jobs is more difficult than it is to judge the absolute difficulty of either. On the other hand, the system does little to guide the judgment of evaluators. There is a tendency to judge each job on the basis of its dominant characteristics, which can result in inconsistencies. In addition, it is extremely difficult to explain or justify the results of ranking to employees or managers, because there is no record of the judgements of evaluators. Finally, the ranking system can indicate only that one job is more difficult than another, not how much more difficult it is. The Point System Under the point evaluation system, various factors which measure a job are selected and defined. A separate yard-stick for different degrees of each factor is prepared. A job is then rated against every yard-stick. In essence, this is the same process as the classification system except that the job is evaluated on a separate scale for each factor. In addition, each degree of each factor has point weightings. Point evaluation systems provide a written record of judgements made. In addition, the degrees in each factor provide a guideline for judgements. Because points are assigned for each factor, each job can be given a total numeric point value, which provides a measure of how much more difficult one job is than another. The main problems of the point evaluation system are the difficulty of selecting relevant factors, of defining degrees for each factor and assigning appropriate point values. In addition, there is the problem of determining the correct number of degrees. Ideally, ju st enough degrees are established to identify minimum measurable differences in each factor. Finally, the various degree definitions must be written so as to serve as guides that are both useful and meaningful in terms of the jobs being measured in each specific company. Factor Comparison The final basic approach used in traditional job evaluation is the factor comparison system. In this system, factors must also be identified, as under the point system. Within each factor, a ranking system rather than a classification system is used. That is, for each factor, the evaluator ranks all jobs from highest to lowest. Various degrees result, but they are not defined or described. Points are assigned to each of these degrees. Factor comparison has two basic advantages. First, it uses the job-by-job comparison technique. Second, it does not involve the semantic problems encountered in defining factor degrees. However, because of the lack of definitions, it is always difficult to explain the results of factor comparison evaluations to employees or supervisors. Combination Systems In practice, most companies use combination plans. The most typical approach is to use a combination factor comparison and point system (Hartley D.E, 2004). In this way, the advantages of each system are obtained, and the difficulties of each are neutralised. In the combination system, there are five steps involved. Firstly, factors are selected and defined. These are usually the five basic factors of responsibility, authority, knowledge, skill, and working conditions. Secondly, benchmark jobs are selected and priced if they can be priced in the market, and all benchmark jobs are ranked under each factor. This includes both those which were priced in the market-place and those which were not. Ranking of market-priced jobs, however, must reflect market pay relationships. Ranking of other jobs is done primarily by comparison with jobs that have been priced. Thirdly, points are assigned to each degree of each factor on the basis of a standard system. The relative maximum weight of each factor is a function of the number of degrees established in the ranking process. Fourthly, each degree is defined. This is done in terms of the company jobs that have been ranked in each degree. Finally, all other jobs are evaluated, by comparison against degree definitions and on a job-against-job ranking system, particularly using benchmark jobs priced under each factor. Edmund .H (1996) says that new methods of pay are introduced by many companies. Each form or element of pay serves a different objective for the company. Each has evolved over time to deal with specific company needs. Each element of compensation also tends to meet different employee aspirations or objectives. The elements of compensation may be categorised in six ways. There are premium payments, bonus payments, long-term income payments, pay for time not worked, benefits, and estate building plans. Each of these elements is more applicable to some groups of employees than to others. For instance, overtime is applied only to operations persons. Long-term income plans are typically restricted to higher-paid persons. There are also non-financial rewards, which are difficult to categorise. Basically, some company characteristics represent a form of remuneration to employees. The work done and the work environment can have value, even though no monetary payments are involved.(Risher .H, 1979) Other characteristics whose value cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars but which to the employee represent income value or remuneration include titles and various perquisites. There are, of course, many different ways in which job analysis can be tackled. Some cover the information which would normally go into a job description, and some cover the main points of a job specification (McCormick, 1980). The suggestion here is that a comprehensive job information sheet should be compiled for each job. It does not matter whether it is called a job description or job specification, provided all relevant information about the job is recorded clearly, accurately, and so far as is possible, with brevity. The critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954) is an attempt to identify the more important, or noteworthy, aspects of job behaviour. Originally it was developed as a check-list rating procedure for performance appraisal, but its merits lend itself to other investigatory activities such as job analysis for the purpose of job evaluation. In this latter context, the idea is to highlight the critical aspects of a job which are crucial to its successful performance. It can usefully be applied to multi-task jobs as a means for establishing priorities between job elements. The diary method is a self-reporting analysis of the activities engaged in over a period and the amount of time spent on all of them, recorded in the form of a diary. It can become tedious and onerous for the job incumbent, and is probably the method most open to abuse and faking. To conduct job analysis effectively, managers have the obligation to keep all the job information up to date. It is vital that they report changes in the organisation, job assignments, and methods of work to ensure that classifications are kept current. Even when staff specialists evaluate jobs, line managers still have the basic responsibility of reviewing both the job analysis and the results of job evaluation. This review carries with it the authority to approve or appeal. Line managers have the basic responsibility for making pay decisions. Decisions must be made within the framework of policies, practices, techniques, and controls. Clearly, the individual supervisor is involved in interpreting compensation policies and applying them to many individual situations. The supervisor also has the job of gaining employee acceptance of the company evaluation and compensation programme. The supervisor is not likely to gain that acceptance unless employees understand basic policies and pr actices, and unless they perceive that the application of those policies and practices in individual situations is equitable and reasonable. Information, knowledge, programmes, and practices must be continuously reviewed and re-thought. Management of job analysis, job evaluation and compensation administration, like many other fields, requires a never ending search for excellence. Findings: The author has used the questionnaire to collect the information regarding the employees job specification and their actual job performance. From the questionnaire employees answered the author has analyzed the data in the following way. Table 1 Describes about the employees participated in the research Males 65 Females 35 Under Graduates 47 Graduates and above 53 Part-time Workers 30 Full time Workers 70 Had training on their job performance 80 No training 20 People performing single role 85 People performing more than 1 role 15 People working less than a year (new) 13 People working from more than a1/2 yrs (old) 87 The above data can be represented in chart format as below. Where, M-males FM-females UG-undergraduate G-graduate PT-part-time FT-full time T-training NT-no training SR-single role MR-many roles LT-less time MT-more time Table 2 Describes about the employees responses to the Questionnaire sent by the author on job analysis. Characteristics Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Job Description 74 24 2 _ _ Training 80 20 _ _ _ Job performance 85 13 1 1 _ Essential skills for job 70 26 1 3 _ Workload 73 21 2 2 2 Co-operation of higher officials 88 10 2 _ _ Pay and performance relation 92 5 3 _ _ Security at work place 96 4 _ _ _ Administration 69 28 1 2 _ Basic Salary 87 10 3 _ _ Physical working environment 77 20 1 1 ! Opportunity for personnel development 65 20 3 8 4 Job security 74 18 5 3 _ Job Satisfaction 86 10 1 3 _ Job duties are clear 90 6 4 _ _ Evaluation of job 78 29 2 1 _ About additional responsibilities 70 21 6 1 2 Purpose of job 77 17 5 _ 1 Job definition 92 8 _ _ _ About additional skills 73 24 2 1 _ Using the above data collected the major attributes of the research can be depicted in pie diagrams as follow: From the total findings the research the whole analysis of the company data can be plotted in to an area graph to show the employees overall feeling about their job.

History of Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

Ever since the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973, Abortion has changed its course in society. With the new decision made by the United States, abortion was now legal. Many abortions were performed before the Supreme Court decision, but the settlement made it less risky for the doctors involved. Abortion has caused society to be divided by a pro-choice group and pro-life group. Two groups with struggles that will never end. There are many different types of abortions that can be preformed. The type used depends on how far along in the pregnancy the woman is. In the very early stage of the pregnancy, up to 49 days after conception, the woman has two choices. The first is to take a combination of drugs. This is called a medical abortion. The embryo is then passed out. The other met... History of Abortion Essay -- essays research papers Ever since the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973, Abortion has changed its course in society. With the new decision made by the United States, abortion was now legal. Many abortions were performed before the Supreme Court decision, but the settlement made it less risky for the doctors involved. Abortion has caused society to be divided by a pro-choice group and pro-life group. Two groups with struggles that will never end. There are many different types of abortions that can be preformed. The type used depends on how far along in the pregnancy the woman is. In the very early stage of the pregnancy, up to 49 days after conception, the woman has two choices. The first is to take a combination of drugs. This is called a medical abortion. The embryo is then passed out. The other met...

Project Appraisal And Risk

PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISKQ1. Risk & Uncertainty is an important part to be considered before any projects investment appraisal. Select the appropriate option which relates to either Risk or Uncertainty. (HA)It is Quantifiable RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the projects life increases RISK UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISK UNCERTAINTY(2 marks) Q2. Cipher Co. plans to buy a new machine which will produce expected sales of 110,000 units per year. Each unit can be sold for $15 per unit. The project is expected to last for five years. The project NPV is $1780. The company profit tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% per year. Calculate the sensitivity of the new machine to a change in selling price using the cost of capital of 11%.4%4.4%4.7%5%(2 marks) Q3. Calculate the sensitivity of selling price? The following information to be used:Investment in Year 0 $30,000, Sales volume 200 units per annum each costing $200, Variable cost $50/unit & Total Fixed cost $6000 per annum. The project life is estimated to be three years with the cost of capital of 10%. (MCQ)30.5%29.8%25%15%(2 marks) Q4. Select the appropriate strength & weaknesses for sensitivity analysis according to the statements. (HA)It identifies crucial areas for the success of the project STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt provides information which allows management to make subjective judgments STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt is not an optimizing technique STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made independently STRENGTH WEAKNESS(2 marks) Q5. Calculate the sensitivity of contribution? The following information to be used:Investment in Year 0 $60,000, Sales volume 600 units per annum each costing $125, Variable cost $10/unit & Total Fixed cost $4000 per annum, the Tax rate is 20% will only be applicable on taxable cash flows & capital allowances are to be ignored. The project life is estimated to be two years with the cost of capital of 8%. (MCQ)45.4%41.8%33.2%30.6%(2 marks) Q6. Dmitri is contemplating purchasing a machine for $275,000 which he will use to produce 50,000 units per year for five years. These products selling price is $10/unit and variable costs are expected to be $6/unit. Incremental fixed costs will be $70,000 every year for production & $25,000 every year for selling and distribution. Petra has a required rate of return of 10% per annum. By how many units must the estimate of production and sale volume fall for the project to be regarded as not worthwhile? (MCQ)2,8756,4658,11512,315(2 marks) Q7. Zulu Co. is considering to invest in a project costing $20,000, the amount is payable at the start of the first year of operation. The estimated future cash flows & its probabilities are given below: Year 1 The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities17,500 0.7211,700 0.2(5,000) 0.08Year 2The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities23,000 0.65(3,500) 0.35Calculate the total expected value? (MCQ) $23,700$14,540$13,725$8,265(2 marks) Q8. An individual uses expected value on the assumption to (MCQ)Reduce risk for a given level of returnMaximize return for a given level of riskReduce risk irrespective of the level of returnMaximize return irrespective of the level of risk(2 marks) Q9. Which of the following TWO are disadvantages of Expected value? (MRQ)Relatively simple calculationIgnores variability of payoffsDeals with multiple outcomesThe answer is only a long-run average (2 marks) Q10. â€Å"Using mathematical models, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables.† Choose the appropriate Technique. (MCQ)SimulationRisk-adjusted discount ratesAdjusted paybackExpected value(2 marks)PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISK (ANSWERS)Q1. It is Quantifiable RISK Increases as the projects life increases UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISK Q2. ASelling Price = 110,000 Ãâ€" $15 = $165, 0000Annuity Factor 11% (1 – 5 years) = 3.696Annuity Factor 11% (1 – 6 years) = 4.231Discount Factor 11% (Year 1) = 0.901Annuity Factor 11% (2 – 6 years) = 4.231 – 0.901 = 3.33Year 1-5 Tax rate Year 2-6 Cash flow 1650,000 Ãâ€" 30% 495,000 Ãâ€" Ãâ€" Annuity 3.696 3.33 Selling Price after tax 6098,400 – 164,8350 445,0050Sensitivity = (1,780 à · 445, 50050) Ãâ€" 100 = 4% Q3. Years Cash flow ($) Discount Factor (10%) Present value ($)Investment 0 (30,000) 1 (30,000)Sales Revenue 1-3 40,000 2.487 99,480Variable Cost 1-3 (10,000) 2.487 (24,870)Fixed Cost 1-3 (6,000) 2.487 (14,922)NPV 29,688Selling Price = (29,688 à · 99,480) Ãâ€" 100 = 29.8% Q4. It identifies crucial areas for the success of the project STRENGTH It provides information which allows management to make subjective judgments STRENGTH It is not an optimizing technique WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made independently WEAKNESSInformation will be presented to management in a form which facilitates subjective judgment to decide the likelihood of the various possible outcomes considered.It is not an optimizing technique. It does not point directly to the correct decision.It assumes that changes to variables can be made independently, e.g. raw material costs will change independently of other variables. This is highly unlikely. Q5. CYears Cash flow ($) Discount Factor (8%) Present value ($) After Tax Present value ($) Investment 0 (60,000) 1 (60,000) (60,000)Sales Revenue 1-2 75,000 1.783 133,725 106,980Variable Cost 1-2 (6,000) 1.783 (10,698) (8,558)Fixed Cost 1-2 (4,000) 1.783 (7,132) (5,706)NPV 55,895 32,716Contribution = (32,716 à · [106,980 – 8,558]) Ãâ€" 100 = 33.2% Q6. CYear Cash flow ($) Discount factor (10%) Present Value ($)Machine 0 (275,000) 1 (275,000)Contribution 1-5 200,000 3.791 758,200Fixed cost 1-5 (95,000) 3.791 (360,145)NPV 123,055PV of contribution must fall by $123,055 Sales volume must fall by $123,055 à · 758,200 = 16.23% Fall in sales volume = 0.1623 Ãâ€" 50,000 = 8,115 Q7. DYear 1 Present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)17,500 0.72 12,60011,700 0.2 2,340(5,000) 0.08 (400)14,540Year 2The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)23,000 0.65 14,950(3,500) 0.35 (1,225)13,725(14,540 + 13,725) – 20,000 = 8,265 Q8. DThe Expected Value is the weighted average of all the possible outcomes, with the weightings based on the probability estimates. This is specifically used to maximize the shareholder's wealth exclusive of any risk assumptions. Q9.Relatively simple calculation (Advantage)Ignores variability of payoffs (Disadvantage)Deals with multiple outcomes (Advantage)The answer is only a long-run average (Disadvantage) Q10. AThe simulation uses a mathematical model, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables.

Brand Positioning of Asiatravel

Brand Positioning One of the aspects of brand equity is brand positioning. AsiaTravel has not distinguished itself from other competitor in terms of products and services. The company does not have clear view of which market segmentation they want to enter and has not built a good brand image. In order to create good brand position in the market, AsiaTravel should look into market segmentation, focuses in point-of-parity (POP) and point-of-difference (POD), and brand image. The current travel industry does not really tap into customers’ demand.Most of the airlines and travel agents compete each other in terms of price, time slot and the number of accessed cities and towns. Therefore, AsiaTravel can differentiate itself by offering packages that suit customers’ preferences by simply asking. Package is no longer fixed. Instead of sticking on one tour, AsiaTravel should guide customers on vacation tour. Secondly, market segmentation can be done to ensure each individual ha s the best vacation experience. There are many ways to do market segmentation, from demography, lifestyle, and to geography. (CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009)For AsiaTravel to have a fraction of mind share in customers, it is important of AsiaTravel to know where it wants to stand, either as price leader, quality leader or specialist (CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009). Brands that stand in the middle of the road get run over. Since many travel agents have not realized the paramount of specialization, AsiaTravel can tap this into opportunity by being quality and specialist leader. Being specialist means the tour guide has to offer besides providing information to customers, security and basic needs. AsiaTravel can sell the country culture that is not written in the book.For instances, mingle and live with the locals. The emotional and experience they get are invaluable. Moreover, tour guide can try to develop a relationship between a group of tourists and among tourists and locals. The purpose is to eventually; each individual has expanded the networking. Travelling is no longer about sightseeing, shopping and et cetera, but also building a network among each other, learning and knowing others’ culture. Being different increases the POD and the risk of switching cost, and thus leads to stronger brand position while at the same time POD ust not be compromised, as similarity becomes the minimal requirement the travel industry must meet. When the company has evidently differentiated itself from its competitors and clearly conveyed the message to the customers, the brand image will come naturally. However, when it is not managed properly, the brand image cannot leverage the brand equity. To maintain the brand image and brand position, marketing communications programs must ensure customers are exposed to the all the brand elements and brand associations.Brand has to be treated like human beings possess a variety trait of characteristics (Customer Manufactur ing Group, 2006). By understanding the brand personality, marketers get the whole picture of brand identity and easier to conveying the message consistently. (Customer Manufacturing Group, 2006) From the marketing program and brand positioning strategy, it is clear that AsiaTravel aims to focus customers’ preferences, being unique, caring, warmth, fun, friendly and also ensures everybody has the best pleasant vacation experience.Moreover, since AsiaTravel primarily focuses on young adults and only fly within Asia, it is an energetic, flexible, proud to be Asian and affordable brand. Therefore, it is a new brand image that AsiaTravel aims to build and maintain to be top leading organization in the travel industry. Bibliography Customer Manufacturing Group, 2006. Customer Focused Brand Positioning. CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009. Positioning and Brand Personality.

Lady Windermere’s Fan

On his wife’s birthday, Lord Windermere presented her with a beautiful, delicately wrought fan with her name, Margaret, engraved upon it. She intended to carry the fan at a ball she was giving that evening, a ball to which everyone of importance in London had been invited. That afternoon, the Duchess of Berwick called on Lady Windermere, to tell her friend of a rumored affair between Lord Windermere and Mrs. Erlynne, a fascinating but notorious woman not received in the best houses. According to the duchess’ story, Lord Windermere had for some months been supplying Mrs.Erlynne with funds for her support. The old dowager suggested that Lady Windermere take immediate steps to learn the relationship between the two. Lady Windermere was upset. Determined to find out if there were any truth to the gossip, she opened her husband’s desk. In a locked bank book, which she ripped open, she found evidence of her husband’s duplicity, a record of checks issued to Mrs. Erlynne over a long period of time. Angry and hurt at Lord Windermere’s apparent failure to appreciate love and virtue, she turned on him the moment he appeared.His main concern was annoyance that his wife had dared tamper with his property behind his back. He informed her that his relations with Mrs. Erlynne were perfectly honorable, that she was a fine but unfortunate woman who wished to win the regard of society once more. Moreover, Lord Windermere explicitly ordered his wife to send Mrs. Erlynne an invitation to the ball. When Lady Windermere refused, her husband wrote an invitation. Angered at his act, Lady Windermere threatened to strike Mrs. Erlynne with the fan if she dared cross the threshold of Windermere House.When Mrs. Erlynne appeared at the ball, Lady Windermere lost her resolution and let the fan drop to the floor. The guests, believing that Mrs. Erlynne had been invited by Lady Windermere herself, accepted her. She was lionized by all the men, and the women, c urious because of the many stories they had heard, wanted to see at first hand what she was really like. Among her special admirers was Lord Augustus Lorton, the Duchess of Berwick’s disreputable brother, to whom she had just become engaged to be married. Mrs.Erlynne was not the only woman greatly admired that evening. Lord Darlington was persistently attentive to Lady Windermere. Having sharply turned Lord Darlington’s advances down, Lady Windermere became despondent when she unexpectedly caught sight of her husband and Mrs. Erlynne in rapt conversation. Without waiting to see her guests out, Lady Windermere wrote a letter informing Lord Windermere that she was leaving his house forever. She gave the letter to a servant to deliver and left for Lord Darlington’s apartments. Mrs.Erlynne, who with Lord Augustus had remained behind to talk with Lord Windermere, discovered the letter Lady Windermere had written, and the thought of that lady’s rash act brought back old memories. Twenty years before, Mrs. Erlynne had written a similar letter to her husband, and had left him and their child for a lover who had deserted her. Her years of social ostracism had made her a stranger to her own daughter. Perhaps, however, she could keep her daughter from making the same mistake. Lady Windermere should never feel the remorse that her mother, Mrs. Erlynne, had known. Mrs.Erlynne took Lady Windermere’s letter and hurried to Lord Darlington’s apartments, first persuading Lord Augustus to take Lord Windermere to his club and keep him there for the rest of the night. In Lord Darlington’s rooms, without revealing her identity, Mrs. Erlynne managed to persuade Lady Windermere to think of her child and go back to her husband. Out of the depths of her own bitter experience, Mrs. Erlynne insisted that Lady Windermere’s first duty was not to her husband but to her child. As Lady Windermere was leaving, Lord Darlington returned, ac companied by Lord Windermere, Lord Augustus, and several cohorts.Ready to face the men, Mrs. Erlynne counseled Lady Windermere to slip behind a curtain to await a fortuitous moment for escape. Upon learning of Lord Augustus’ presence, Mrs. Erlynne went into the next room, hoping to avoid detection. Lord Windermere soon discovered his wife’s fan and faced Lord Darlington with it. Giving Lady Windermere the opportunity to exit, Mrs. Erlynne appeared suddenly from the adjoining room, with the explanation that she had taken the fan, mistaking it for her own, when she left Windermere House.Her explanation saved Lady Windermere at the cost of her own reputation. Lord Windermere was furious, for he felt that he had in good faith befriended and helped a woman who was beneath contempt, and Lord Augustus turned away. The next morning, having realized that, by some strange irony, the â€Å"bad† woman had accepted public disgrace in order to save the â€Å"good† one, Lady Windermere defended Mrs. Erlynne to her husband, who persisted in disparaging the adventuress. Frustrated by Windermere’s demand that she not see Mrs. Erlynne again, Lady Windermere poised herself to explain all.Then Mrs. Erlynne arrived to return the fan, but refused to reveal herself to her daughter, not wanting to shatter Lady Windermere’s illusions. Taking advantage of the simultaneous arrival of Lord Augustus and her coach, Mrs. Erlynne asked her now-cold suitor to escort her out, where he accepted her explanation that his own interests had taken her to Lord Darlington’s rooms. When he returned to the Windermeres to share his good news, Lord Windermere told him that he was marrying a very clever woman. Lady Windermere insisted that he was marrying someone rarer, a good woman. Lady Windermere’s Fan On his wife’s birthday, Lord Windermere presented her with a beautiful, delicately wrought fan with her name, Margaret, engraved upon it. She intended to carry the fan at a ball she was giving that evening, a ball to which everyone of importance in London had been invited. That afternoon, the Duchess of Berwick called on Lady Windermere, to tell her friend of a rumored affair between Lord Windermere and Mrs. Erlynne, a fascinating but notorious woman not received in the best houses. According to the duchess’ story, Lord Windermere had for some months been supplying Mrs.Erlynne with funds for her support. The old dowager suggested that Lady Windermere take immediate steps to learn the relationship between the two. Lady Windermere was upset. Determined to find out if there were any truth to the gossip, she opened her husband’s desk. In a locked bank book, which she ripped open, she found evidence of her husband’s duplicity, a record of checks issued to Mrs. Erlynne over a long period of time. Angry and hurt at Lord Windermere’s apparent failure to appreciate love and virtue, she turned on him the moment he appeared.His main concern was annoyance that his wife had dared tamper with his property behind his back. He informed her that his relations with Mrs. Erlynne were perfectly honorable, that she was a fine but unfortunate woman who wished to win the regard of society once more. Moreover, Lord Windermere explicitly ordered his wife to send Mrs. Erlynne an invitation to the ball. When Lady Windermere refused, her husband wrote an invitation. Angered at his act, Lady Windermere threatened to strike Mrs. Erlynne with the fan if she dared cross the threshold of Windermere House.When Mrs. Erlynne appeared at the ball, Lady Windermere lost her resolution and let the fan drop to the floor. The guests, believing that Mrs. Erlynne had been invited by Lady Windermere herself, accepted her. She was lionized by all the men, and the women, c urious because of the many stories they had heard, wanted to see at first hand what she was really like. Among her special admirers was Lord Augustus Lorton, the Duchess of Berwick’s disreputable brother, to whom she had just become engaged to be married. Mrs.Erlynne was not the only woman greatly admired that evening. Lord Darlington was persistently attentive to Lady Windermere. Having sharply turned Lord Darlington’s advances down, Lady Windermere became despondent when she unexpectedly caught sight of her husband and Mrs. Erlynne in rapt conversation. Without waiting to see her guests out, Lady Windermere wrote a letter informing Lord Windermere that she was leaving his house forever. She gave the letter to a servant to deliver and left for Lord Darlington’s apartments. Mrs.Erlynne, who with Lord Augustus had remained behind to talk with Lord Windermere, discovered the letter Lady Windermere had written, and the thought of that lady’s rash act brought back old memories. Twenty years before, Mrs. Erlynne had written a similar letter to her husband, and had left him and their child for a lover who had deserted her. Her years of social ostracism had made her a stranger to her own daughter. Perhaps, however, she could keep her daughter from making the same mistake. Lady Windermere should never feel the remorse that her mother, Mrs. Erlynne, had known. Mrs.Erlynne took Lady Windermere’s letter and hurried to Lord Darlington’s apartments, first persuading Lord Augustus to take Lord Windermere to his club and keep him there for the rest of the night. In Lord Darlington’s rooms, without revealing her identity, Mrs. Erlynne managed to persuade Lady Windermere to think of her child and go back to her husband. Out of the depths of her own bitter experience, Mrs. Erlynne insisted that Lady Windermere’s first duty was not to her husband but to her child. As Lady Windermere was leaving, Lord Darlington returned, ac companied by Lord Windermere, Lord Augustus, and several cohorts.Ready to face the men, Mrs. Erlynne counseled Lady Windermere to slip behind a curtain to await a fortuitous moment for escape. Upon learning of Lord Augustus’ presence, Mrs. Erlynne went into the next room, hoping to avoid detection. Lord Windermere soon discovered his wife’s fan and faced Lord Darlington with it. Giving Lady Windermere the opportunity to exit, Mrs. Erlynne appeared suddenly from the adjoining room, with the explanation that she had taken the fan, mistaking it for her own, when she left Windermere House.Her explanation saved Lady Windermere at the cost of her own reputation. Lord Windermere was furious, for he felt that he had in good faith befriended and helped a woman who was beneath contempt, and Lord Augustus turned away. The next morning, having realized that, by some strange irony, the â€Å"bad† woman had accepted public disgrace in order to save the â€Å"good† one, Lady Windermere defended Mrs. Erlynne to her husband, who persisted in disparaging the adventuress. Frustrated by Windermere’s demand that she not see Mrs. Erlynne again, Lady Windermere poised herself to explain all.Then Mrs. Erlynne arrived to return the fan, but refused to reveal herself to her daughter, not wanting to shatter Lady Windermere’s illusions. Taking advantage of the simultaneous arrival of Lord Augustus and her coach, Mrs. Erlynne asked her now-cold suitor to escort her out, where he accepted her explanation that his own interests had taken her to Lord Darlington’s rooms. When he returned to the Windermeres to share his good news, Lord Windermere told him that he was marrying a very clever woman. Lady Windermere insisted that he was marrying someone rarer, a good woman.